Teaching the Compare and Contrast Essay

Encouraging the Compare and Contrast Essay The analyze/differentiate paper is simple and remunerating to instruct for a few reasons: Its simple to persuade understudies there is an explanation behind learning it.You can show it successfully in a couple steps.You can see understudies basic reasoning aptitudes improve as they figure out how to compose the essay.Once aced, understudies feel pleased with their capacity to methodicallly thoroughly analyze two subjects. The following are the means you can use to show the look at/differentiate paper. They have been utilized in normal secondary school classes where perusing levels extended from fourth to twelfth grade. Stage 1 Talk about down to earth explanations behind contrasting and contrasting.Discuss purposes behind learning with expound on likenesses and contrasts. Choosing subjects that issue to understudies is basic for this progression. For instance, one may be to look at two models of vehicles and afterward compose a letter to a sponsor who may get them one. Another would be a senior supervisor keeping in touch with a purchaser around two items. Scholarly subjects, for example, looking at two creatures, two wars, two ways to deal with taking care of a math issue may likewise be helpful. Stage 2 Show a model analyze/differentiate paper. Clarify that there are two different ways to compose the paper yet dont really expound on the best way to do it at this time. Stage 3 Clarify look at/differentiate signal words. Clarify that when looking at, understudies should make reference to contrasts yet concentrate on likenesses. Then again, while differentiating they should make reference to likenesses yet concentrate on contrasts. Stage 4 Show understudies how to useâ compare/differentiate diagrams. You should plan to put in a couple of classes on this. In spite of the fact that it appears to be straightforward, understudies doing it just because perform better in the event that they arent hurried through this progression. Working in groups, with an accomplice, or in a gathering is useful. Stage 5 Rundown and model the Writing Densâ cue wordsâ to show similitudes and contrasts. Numerous tenth graders experience issues thinking about these words if this progression is skipped. Give model sentences these words which they can use until they become alright with them. Stage 6 Disclose outlines telling the best way to compose think about/contrastâ paragraphsâ andâ essays. Have understudies compose the square style first since it is simpler. Understudies ought to be informed that the square is smarter to show similitudes and the component by-include is smarter to show contrasts. Stage 7 Give guided practice recorded as a hard copy theâ first draft. Guide understudies through their first paper giving assistance a presentation and change sentences. It is useful to permit understudies to utilize an outline they have finished as a class or one that they have done freely andâ that you have checked. Try not to expect they comprehend the graph until they have done one effectively. Stage 8 Give in-class composing time. By giving in-class composing time, a lot more understudies will chip away at the task. Without it, understudies with little inspiration may not compose the paper. Stroll around asking who needs a little assistance to get more support from hesitant students. Stage 9 Audit the means in theâ writing process.Review altering recommendations and give time forâ revision. Clarify that in the wake of composing their exposition, understudies ought to alter and modify. They should proceed with the pattern of altering and amending until they are happy with the nature of their exposition. Clarify the benefits of changing on the PC. Forâ editingâ tips, checkâ these proposals for modifying draftsâ from the University of North Carolina Writing Center. Stage 10 Audit the SWAPS Proofreading Guideâ and give understudies time to edit their articles. Stage 11 Have understudies assess their companions expositions utilizing a Compare/Contrast Rubric. Staple a rubric to each paper and have understudies assess them. Make certain to confirm on a list the names of understudies who turn in articles since they could be taken during the companion assessment action. Consider requiring understudies who have not completed to present their exposition for peer assessment after writing Not Finishedâ at the highest point of their papers. This assists peers with perceiving that the exposition is deficient. All the more critically, taking their paper constrains them to take part in the assessment movement as opposed to attempting to complete the exposition in class. Consider giving 25 focuses each for assessing three articles and another 25 focuses for calm support. Stage 12 Audit the editing guide quickly and afterward dedicate a large portion of a period to edit one anothers expositions. Advise understudies to peruse their article so anyone might hear or to have another person perused it to them to get any mistakes. Have understudies edited a few papers and sign their names at the highest point of the paper: Proofread by ________.

Simon Quote

Question: Talk about Simons quote regarding a basic assessment of four discrete ideas (canvassed in this course) may clarify inclination in choices. Answer: Presentation: The accompanying introduction is about dynamic application on sane conduct of human psyche for the detailing and arrangement of complex issues in setting to genuine world. Regarding Herbert A. Simons idea about the sanity regarding heuristics which are of four kinds accessibility, agent, affirmation and limited reasonability. It is said that the hypothesis of an association can't stay alive without a sound decision of hypothesis, which is best depicted as intendedly judicious dependent on the two types of financial man; shopper and business visionary. Conversation: Heuristics are the psychological choices taken by individual so as to take an answer for complex issues. These choices are quicker and not founded on a specific standards and guidelines yet there could be critical blunders in the choices taken by the people. While sound conduct implies a procedure of dynamic dependent on the decisions that bring about the most useful level for the individual, which doesn't mean in receipt of financial advantages constantly. The advantage or utility could be in either kind or passionate while Herbert A. Simon reliably strived to fabricate a hypothesis of human conduct and depicted a few classifications of Heuristics (Dhesi Ausloos, 2016). Accessibility Heuristic depends on simple approach to shape any judgment for a specific issue. It could be on rate premise or likelihood premise, which probably won't be precise. For instance, people frequently will in general estimate higher rate in the event of wrongdoing that includes savagery (Ajzen, 2015). Nonetheless, it isn't vital that the decisions taken would be incorrect or precise. This choice taken by the people dependent on a few elements like past records, choices, arbitrary determination and so forth. As indicated by the ideas introduced by Simon, it is expressed that the people are required to think judiciously that helps in taking choices so as to point his fulfillment. Further, Simon in his hypothesis had called attention to that the limit of people mind in making the equation and answer for the size of the issues is nearly very little in reality (Dhesi Ausloos, 2016). In any case, the hypothesis of Robinson Crusoe as the dynamic in sane procedures clarifies that it had not taken the sane procedures seeing much past this stage. Another sort of heuristic is agent heuristic, which is additionally a psychological easy route for dynamic procedure by contrasting practical data with the human mental model. For instance, love and care of a more seasoned woman is viewed as an affection and care of her being grandma (Marshall, et al. 2015). Along these lines, if there should arise an occurrence of delegate heuristic people use classes to shape decisions and choices. As indicated by Simon, this aptitude in shaping the choice is restricted in people when contrasted with the relative issues. Limited mindfulness levelheadedness was clarified as far as financial conduct while the separation between the discernment and conduct was secured by the component of choice. As such, conduct is required a choice of decision which results among different potential choices of practices and choice is a methodology which the choice of the options is performed (Marshall, et al. 2015). Affirmation or dynamic heuristics, people regularly depend on the simple thinking to settle on choice on troublesome circumstances. This heuristic include two frameworks of human attitude for the dynamic procedure, framework 1 which depends on human sense, instinct or passionate response though, framework 2 is the yield of framework 1 based choices (Dhesi Ausloos, 2016). Further, Simon had characterized limited sanity as a connection in understanding between pre-built up closures and approaches to arrive at the said closes, which has the determination as far as worth and henceforth is path past the extent of science. This connection anyway relies upon the subject of actuality whose assessment is associated with three stages, (I) bring up the rundown of all the potential choices, (ii) recognizable proof of the results that will follow the choices drilled down and (iii) estimating all the choices and assessment is additionally to be accomplished for all the arrangements of ramifications for every one of the choices or choices chose (Cuesta, et al. 2015). In Administrative Behavior, Simon had given significance on the distinction among powerful and hypothetical conduct with the supposition of worldwide levelheadedness, which requires acknowledgment of all the conceivable social choices, it likewise requires expectation about the results of the conduct alternatives and the valuation and estimation of the result of the outcomes of every one of the choices (De Groot, Thogersen Schubert, 2016). Notwithstanding, there is a basic issue in assessment of the potential results as the human expertise and proficiency is constrained to complete the fundamental choices so as to accomplish the required and set out objectives for both the financial man for example purchaser and business person. In the current period, however the human endeavors have been given an option as PCs and apparatus, yet the human information and aptitude to work the machines are required which is likewise restricted. Hierarchical conduct then again, is the least characteristic yet most judiciously developed units of human affiliation however amusingly, it is the most vacuous hypothesis for an association whose individuals are totally reasonable people. This is on the grounds that there is a restriction in the human expertise and information required to accomplish the ideal objectives, points by method of correspondence or use of the wellspring of information and ability and the equivalent turns into the issue in collaboration between the people and association (Ajzen, 2015). Essentially, association hypothesis for sound conduct is midway worried about the investigation and acknowledgment those confinements and downsides that are jumps regarding adaptability and flexibility to the achievement of objectives for people and association (Brown Zhang, 2016). As examined above business visionary rule of the financial hypothesis is restricted uniquely to the outside variables like interest gracefully of his items just as the interests of the people, which are not the same as that of the undertaking. Additionally, procedural levelheadedness is the rearrangements in the arrangement of decisions which is presented and progressed by Simon. The procedural objectivity comprises of two significant components: calculation and fulfillment, which are the social and clairvoyant on the full of feeling and non sane variables of human conduct. The hypothesis centers around the determination conduct and decisions to be applied by the people regarding the suitable and assessment of the result of the arrangements of assignments taken into contemplations. The general technique of presentation of vulnerability into the decision of definition is the suspicion that the information about future qualities is resolved as likelihood appropriation (Prasertsom, 2015). With regards to Simons reference for the reasonability social calculation and fulfillment, components are silly and interrelated. So as to adapt up to the procedural biasness, individual need to assess his aptitude and information with the g oal that the soundness between the computational other options and good outcomes can be accomplished. The procedural sanity clarifies the likelihood dispersion for qualities to be assessed in the calculation of the necessary information for monetary and conduct hypothesis. In addition, the way in to a compelling and proper arrangement lies in substitutional objective so as to locate the best move. End: The accompanying article has been managed the balanced conduct as far as human ability and information confinement so as to accomplish the necessary objectives concerning the idea laid by Simon. The idea of sane conduct has been depicted utilizing four heuristics for example accessibility, representativeness, affirmation and limited mindfulness in thought with the impediment of components which are commonly outer to the people. For shoppers, the outside constrained components are fixed estimating financial plan and flexibly of the items he is happy to purchase. Though for the business people the restricted components are request gracefully of the results of the association just as the interests of the purchasers, which might be diverse with that of the venture. Further, the introduction has been done with regards to conduct sanity for example limited sanity and procedural objectivity. Limited levelheadedness is the component between the decisions of various other options and the chose other option, which relies upon the ability and information on the people. Further, because of the constraint of human expertise and information it is hard to infer precise factors and likelihood of the qualities in future setting just as estimation of the information according to valuing and determination of the factors is troublesome so as to accomplish the ideal objectives of the endeavor. Reference List: Ajzen, I. (2015). The hypothesis of arranged conduct is perfectly healthy, and not prepared to resign: a critique on Sniehotta, Presseau, and Arajo-Soares.Health Psychology Review,9(2), 131-137. Marshall, D., Ambrose, E., McIvor, R., Lamming, R. (2015). Personal circumstance or more noteworthy's benefit: How political and sane elements impact the re-appropriating process.International Journal of Operations Production Management,35(4), 547-576. Cuesta, J. A., Gracia-Lzaro, C., Ferrer, A., Moreno, Y., Snchez, A. (2015). Notoriety drives agreeable conduct and system development in human groups.Scientific reports,5. De Groot, J., Thogersen, J., Schubert, I. (2016). Profound quality and Green Consumer Behavior: A Psychological Perspective. Filippini, M., Hirl, B., Masiero, G.

Assimilation and Accommodation Essay Essay Example

Absorption and Accommodation Essay Example Absorption and Accommodation Essay Absorption and Accommodation Essay Absorption and Adjustment Jean Piaget saw judicious developing as a technique of rendition ( settlement ) to the universe. This occurs through: * Assimilation. which is using a bing plan to cover with another item or situation. * Accommodation †this happens when the bing plan ( comprehension ) accomplishes non work. also, should be changed to cover with another article or situation. * Equilibration †happens when a child’s plan can cover with most new data through absorption. Be that as it may. an area of disequilibrium happens when new data can non be fitted into bing plan ( digestion ) . Equilibration is the power which drives the larning methodology as we do non wish to be disappointed and will try to recreate balance by get the hanging the new test. ( modification ) . When the new data is gained the strategy of osmosis with the new plan will go on until the accompanying clasp we have to do a settlement to it. Model A 2 twelvemonth old child sees a grown-up male who is uncovered on his caput and has long fresh hair on the sides. The child will assimilate the grown-up male as a bozo. This is digestion. Furthermore, when the male parent disclose to his kid that the grown-up male was non a jokester and that despite the fact that his hair resembled a clown’s. he wasn’t have oning diverting ensemble and wasn’t making activity individuals chuckle. This is change. Furthermore, with this new discernment. the male kid can adjust his plan of â€Å"clown† and improve to a standard build of â€Å"clown. † Harmonizing to Piaget. guidance can back up these improvement methods by periods of Development. A child’s intellectual advancement is about a kid improvement or building a psychological hypothetical record of the universe. Jean Piaget was intrigued both with regards to how kids learnt and by they way they thought. Piaget considered children from diaper days to pre -adulthood. also, did a large number of his ain tests using his three children. He utilized the undermentioned research strategies: Naturalistic perception: Piaget mentioned expand objective facts of children. furthermore, from these he composed journal depictions diagramming their turn of events. He other than mentioned Clinical meetings and objective facts of more established children who had the option to get requests and hold discussions. Piaget accepted that children think in any case than adults and expressed they experience 4 cosmopolitan periods of psychological turn of events. * Sensorio-motora: desde EL nacimiento hasta los 2 anos aproximadamente. En esta etapa Se caracteriza Al nino como extremadamente egocentrico. donde no comprende el mundo de otra forma que no ocean su propio punto de vista. El desarrollo boss nut esta etapa Es el entendimiento de que los objetos existen independientemente de su relacion con EL objeto ( permanencia del objeto ) . es decir que EL nino es capaz de mantener una imagen mental de una character u objeto a pesar de no estar presente O seeable. En esta etapa los bebes aprenden principalmente a traves del ensayo Y botch. El objetivo de Piaget age investigar a que edad los ninos adquirian esta â€Å"permanencia del objeto† . El metodo que uso fue esconder un juguete debajo de una sabana Y ver Si EL nino buscaba EL objeto escondido. Esta busqueda del objeto age una prueba de la permanencia del objeto. Piaget supuso que EL nino solo podia buscar EL objeto escondido si tiene una representacion mental de el. * Etapa Pre-operacional: desde los 2 a 7 anos aproximadamente. En esta etapa los ninos desarrollan gradualmente el uso del lenguaje Y La capacidad equality pensar en forma simbolica. Sus pensamientos nut esta etapa suelen ser egocentricos. Egocentrismo hace referencia La incapacidad del nino de ver una situacion desde otro punto de vista que no ocean el de el mismo. Segun Piaget. un nino egocentrico supone que Las personas ven. escuchan o sienten lo mismo que el. Piaget quiso descubrir a que edad los ninos dejan de tener esta actitud. * Operaciones Concretas: desde los 7 a 11 anos aproximadamente. En esta etapa EL nino Es lo suficientemente maduro equality pensar logicamente en operaciones unidireccionales. Pero pueden aplicar La logica solo con objetos fisicos. Los ninos Se vuelven menos egocentricos Y entienden las leyes de conservacion. esto significa que comprenden que aunque la apariencia de un objeto cambie. no significa que cambie el objeto en si . * Operaciones Formales: desde los 11 anos hasta La adultez. Cuando los adolescentes entran en esta etapa adquieren la capacidad de pensar de manera abstracta. de combinar clasificar los elementos de una manera mas sofisticada. y la capacidad de razonamiento de orden higher-up. Ademas desarrollan una identidad Y Se muestran mas interesados en temas sociales.

Are Custodial Sentences the most economical and effective way of Crime Prevention - Free Essay Example

Custodial sentences are supposed to be an efficient way of reducing crime, enforcing punishment for the crime committed. The main aims of custodial sentencing is Retribution , Denunciation ,Deterrence ,Rehabilitation and Reparation, but are custodial sentences always the most economical and best way of crime prevention? The idea of Retribution is to enforce a punishment on the offender as a result of the actions and the crimes they have committed. Denunciation is aimed to be a way of acknowledgment and highlighting the fact of societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s un-acceptance and zero tolerance policy of crimes being committed without being punished. This should give satisfaction to society that there is justice being done to criminals.[1] Lord Denning described denunciation as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Punishment is the way in which society expresses its denunciation of wrong doing, and in order to maintain respect for the law it is essential that the punishment inflicted for grave crimes should adequately reflect the revulsion felt by the great majority of citizens for them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[2] Custodial sentences are supposed to be also used as a Deterrence and a preventative measure to prevent crimes from being committed in the future by giving harsh sentences for crimes the government hopes this will prevent crimes being committed in the future especially where harsher sentences are given.[3] One of the main aims of rehabilitation is to reform and rehabilitate them so that when they are released back into society they are educated and that they are less likely to commit crimes when they ar e released. It is beneficial for offenders to be educated and have access to qualifications whilst being imprisoned which makes the time spent inside beneficial and then once rehabilitated have the skills they need to find a job when released back into the community so that they dot have to resort back to crime as a way to make money.[4] The main aim of rehabilitation is to reform the offender and rehabilitate him or her into society, so that they are less likely to commit offences in the future. This is either because they either learn to see the harm they are causing to society or because they learn through education, training and other forms of help. It is an aim that looks into the future of the defendant. It has the hope that the offender ¹s behaviour will be altered by the penalty imposed, so they will not re-offend in the future. Reparation allows compensation to the victims of the crimes where the courts have the power to order the offender to repay and give com pensation to the victim for the crime they have committed. In an ideal world custodial sentences are supposed to be the most beneficial way of crime prevention although this is in theory, in practice this is not always the case. For example certain criminals offend to feed a drug or alcohol addiction. We know for more serious crimes and repeat offenders that custodial sentences are the only option however in some other less serious crimes it may be more cost effective and economical if the offender had to pay compensation not only to the victim but also the same or even more to the government. This could become a more effective way in crime reduction if offenders actually have to pay money as opposed to just going to prison where in fact the government and the tax payer have to pay for them, shelter, feed and clothe them rather if the criminals were the ones who had to pay this may give an income to the government as well as compensating the victims. In Section 152 9 (2) Of The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (amended in 2012 LASPO), states that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The court MUST NOT pass a custodial sentence unless it is of the opinion that the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it, was SO SERIOUS that neither a fine alone nor a community sentence can be justified for the offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ There are certain restrictions as per Section.79 (2) of the Powers of Criminal Courts Service Act 2000 (PCC(S)) that:- That the offence, or the combination of the offence and more or more offences associated with it , was so serious that only such a sentence can be justified for the offence; or Where the offences are a violent or sexual offence, that only such a sentence would be adequate to protect the public from serious harm.[5] Custodial sentences in this context may not always be the most effective way of crime prevention and rehabilitation of the criminal and further preventing crimes from being committed in the future. However this may be beneficial to society if the offender poses certain risk to the general public however offenders at this level often have a total disregard for the law an often do not mind going to jail as jail offers a warm bed with food and shelter often many offenders donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have this in society. Housing offenders in prison is very costly to the government and the tax payer. In a report disclosed by the Minister of Justice for 2012-13 state the cost of housing one prisoner alone a Male CAT B prisoner to be  £33,632. [6] It can be said by some that criminals are just thrown into prison without actually doing much in order to rehabilitate the criminals this can be seen clearly due to the overcrowding of the prison population. In Lord Carters review in 20 07 of prisons, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Securing the Futureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, where he predicted that from June 2014 that there will be a lack of prison places and their could potentially be a shortfall of places as high as 13,000. That puts more pressure on the government to provide funds and build new prisons in order to facilitate the ever increasing amount of criminals being put in prison.[7] Due to prisons being overcrowded this has consequently had a knock on effect an disrupted the rehabilitation of prisoners , since prisoners are often moved around as the prison service tries to facilitate the fluctuation in prison numbers and to relieve themselves from stress. This means educating the offenders is often interrupted and/or neglected as a result and often before they are able to finish completing courses they have started.[8] The fact prisoners are being moved around makes it difficult to maintain and set out plans for rehabilitating individuals, so as a result making prisoners employable when they finish their sentence becomes more difficult resulting in repeat offenders committing crimes and then again ending back in jail at the cost of the tax payer. This cycle will continue if significant changes are not made to the justice system in the up and other authorities who work together. The lack of failing to work together effectively comes at a huge price to the government and the tax payer and wastes funds, In an Audit conducted by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The National Audit Officeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, they held that 62% of court proceedings in the UK that cases were not successful and did not go ahead due to drop in charges on the day of the hearing or poor preparation and lack of evidence which caused cases to be dropped.[9] If the British justice system were more inclined to rehabilitating and educating offenders as opposed to just putting them in jail and paying little attention to the rehabilitation, they may find huge savings the government and the British tax payer. In a report by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Matrix Knowledge Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, who made a report called,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ For and Against Prisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; they made some remarkable predictions relating to this matter. The aim of their report was too collect evidence which was needed to identify and outline and argument for and against offenders being served with custodial sentences , including alternatives and an economic forecast of the current costs and the potential savings that could be earned by rehabilitating individuals as opposed to just putting them in prison.[10] In the Case R v Howells (1999) Lord Bingham stated that : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢There is no bright line which separates offences which are so serious that only a custodial sentence can be justified from offences which are not so serious as to require the passing of a custodial sentenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (pg. 103)[11] The Matrix report stated that if there were to be adult community interventions and Drug rehabilitation available in the community for offenders known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Drug Treatment Alternative To Prison Programme (DTAP)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ , where offenders will be put on intense programmes , inclusive of group sessions with in their community which would help to teach them social skills and values , help to become drug free, behavioural help also including educational programs which would help to make offenders employable and have a life which is positive an make them not dependant on drugs. [12] If operations were available like this in the community it would cost around  £5,299 per offender each year this is not a lot compared to the cost of housing offenders in prison . These types of community intervention could give a massive saving to the government the matrix report predicts that there could be a saving of  £88,469 to the tax payer alone, and a further saving of  £202,775 just for educating the offenders and preventing crimes which would give a saving to the victim costs alone.[13] There are other forms of sentencing that are available as opposed to custodial sentences for example in the Criminal Justice Act 1991 was when the Probation Order became a sentence in its own right this gave an increase in community sentences in 1992 the increase was 18% , and in 2002 it had increased again to 25%. Although these figures did not however reduce custodial sentences being given these figures were in addition to custodial sentences due to increase in crime.[14] To conclude it can be clear by the research and studies that have been taken to address the issue, of weather if custodial sentences are economical and cost effective way of crime prevention? Or that by sending prisoners to jail for some time where they can do no harm for the duration of the sentence is not always efficient or cost effect and/or if it even prevents crime at all? There is no doubt for certain kinds of prisoners a custodial sentence is the only option , but if there were alternatives made available by the justice system in communities this would give better value for money spent by way of rehabilitating offenders as opposed to just sending them to prison. Research has identified that adult based community schemes are shown to be the best and most likely to be more effective way of crime prevention in the UK. Bibliography Michael Cavadino and James Dignan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Penal System: An Introduction (London: Sage, 2007, 4th Edition) Aileen Murphie, Measuring the effectiveness of prison on sentences in England and Wales (https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf Roger Matthews, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Doing Time An Introduction to the Sociology of Imprisonment (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 2nd Edition https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf www.matrixknowledge.com/vendor/wp-content/ uploads/2013/09/10-economic-case-for-and-against-prison.pdf https://merlin/reports/nao/0506/n0506798.pdf https://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/sentencing/custodial-sentences.htm https://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/Deterrence Briefing .pdf [1] https://sentencingcouncil.judiciary.gov.uk/sentencing/custodial-sentences.htm [2] https://www.peterjepson.com/law/aoife sentencing.htm [3] https://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/Deterrence Briefing .pdf [4] https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf [5] https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/6/contents [6] https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-justice/about/statistics [7] news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/05_12_07_prisons.pdf [8] https://www.justice.gouv.fr/art_pix/MurphieWilkins.pdf [9] https://merlin/reports/nao/0506/n0506798.pdf [10] Matrix report à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" For and Against prisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ , Blackboard [11] R v Howells ,Blackboard [12] Matrix Report , Blackboard [13] Matrix Report, Blackboard [14] Lecture 8 Slides Blackboard

Buddhism and Catholicism Marriage and Beliefs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1077 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Buddhism Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Religion can be defined as human beliefs towards a particular Supreme Being or deity. Religion guides peoples way of life and their interaction with other living things. Many people in the world owe their creation to gods, but there is a fraction of human beings in the world who do not believe in the existence of a Supreme Being or god. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Buddhism and Catholicism Marriage and Beliefs" essay for you Create order Other people believe that it is the act of a man and women through procreation that keeps the world going (Bobbie, 5). Religion advocates for marriage as a way of continuing their deitys creation; in Catholicism, this is termed as a holy sacrament. On the contrary, Buddhism considers marriage as a secular affair (Anthony, 22). The History of Catholicism and Buddhism Buddhism religion started in India more than 2500 years ago and currently has around 350 million followers across the world. This religion is based on the concept of joy and freedom; it was named after Buddha who was claimed to have achieved enlightenment. Buddhism teaching has made its followers believe that good deeds lead to reincarnation either in heaven or in the form of another human being. On the other hand, evil deeds according to Buddhism results in a persons rebirth either in hell or as an animal (Bobbie, 24). Catholicism as a religion, on the other hand, believes in the holy trinity that is; God the father, son and the Holy Spirit. Catholicism is the largest religion on earth with over one billion followers. The followers believe a person should lead a holy life without sin but if somebody sins the grace through Gods son (Jesus Christ) can redeem them through partaking of the holy sacrament. Catholicism means a followers cooperation with their God and obedience into his way through acceptance of grace (Ronald, 10). Similarities and Differences between Buddhism and Catholicism Catholicism religion practices worship rituals to a supreme being concerning holy mass, a re-enactment of Holy Thursday to remember when Christ Jesus celebrated the last supper. Another ritual practiced by Catholics is the observation of Good Friday in commemorating the death of Jesus Christ as a sign of their redemption from the bondage of sin. Buddhists also practice rituals to their gods such as visiting the Buddha, confession of sins, practicing Dana, giving an offering, and going for refuge. Finally, marriage rituals are celebrated by the two religions (Ronald, 15). Some of the differences between the two religious include Catholicism emphasizes practicing the above rituals to identify with the death and resurrection of their claimed savior Jesus Christ. On the contrary, in Buddhism there is no perceived savior; the rituals are practiced to enable them to achieve enlightenment. Buddhism advocates for good deeds to achieve comfort and happiness. It is necessary to note that, the two religions practice these rituals in different ways temple and churches (Anthony, 7). Both Buddhism and Catholicism have regard for the marriage rituals where Catholicism treats marriage as a sacrament. According to Catholicism, marriage should be ordained by God for procreation and comfort. In Catholicism, marriages are celebrated in church for the couple to receive blessings from God and the priest. On the other hand, Buddhism advocates for marriage though they treat it as a secular issue, not one that is spiritual. In Buddhism, marriage is carried out in the civil offices, after the ceremony the couple is required to visit the temple to receive a blessing from monks (Anthony, 44). Some of the differences between the two religions include, in Catholicism marriage is for the believers only, the nuns (women) and priests (men) are not allowed to marry. Additionally, same-sex marriage and divorce are highly condemned by Catholicism. Whereas, Buddhism does not forbid the monks from getting married. It is essential to note that though Buddhism has discussed same-sex marriage in their Vinaya, it does not provide laws or clear guidelines that condemn this kind of marriage. Buddhism also is in support of divorce (Anthony, 50). Buddhism and Catholicism religious believe that good and bad actions can determine a persons fate regarding marriage. Buddhism emphasizes that a persons behaviors such as adultery and unfaithfulness in marriage whether in the past or the present can determine their rebirth. A well-behaved person may go to heaven after death or come back in the form of another human being, whereas an evil person may come back as an animal or go to hell after death. This concept of rebirth has made Buddhists strive to live in peace with their marriage partners (Anthony, 30). Catholicism teaches about abstaining from adultery, unfaithfulness, and sin by always engaging in the acceptable behavior. This religion also claims that good deeds may help a believer to become a Saint or go to heaven after their death. On the contrary, if a person lived a sinful life such as adultery, after their death, they might go to hell after the judgment. The two religions concept of marriage, hell, and rebirth after death either by becoming a Saint in Catholicism or reincarnation in Buddhism seems to be almost similar (Anthony, 24). Religious views towards women The Buddhism religion in the ancient time disregarded women; actually, the birth of a girl was interpreted as a misfortune. The women were regarded as sutras; when they were young girls were provided care by their father, after marriage, the husbands were charged with that responsibility, in their old age, the women were taken care of by their son. Currently, this has changed as women and men are being treated as equals where they are all allowed to participate in the Bhikkhuni Sangha, a spiritual, religious teaching (Anthony, 19). In Catholicism, women are allowed to participate in the seminary and church preparation for the priest. Despite this, women are never ordained as a priest; this means they cannot be allowed to fulfill the duties of a priest. Unlike in Catholicism, Buddhism has allowed women to carry out all religious rituals fully (Anthony, 22). Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to mention that, based on the research done on religion; there is no superior religion to the other. Marriage is highly regarded by the two religions though there are differences that exist between them. Religions practice rituals in conformity to their deitys law and also to create peace in the society. Finally, women in the two religions are regarded differently in Buddhism they have been given equal responsibility as men whereas in Catholicism have are only allowed to serve. The New York Times, June 22, 2007, reported that religion is just a people way of life (Anthony, 112).

The Regulatory Craft Controlling Risks, Solving Problems, and Assignment

Essays on The Regulatory Craft: Controlling Risks, Solving Problems, and Managing Compliance Assignment The paper "The Regulatory Craft: Controlling Risks, Solving Problems, and Managing Compliance" is a wonderful example of an assignment on law. Issue: Should the industrial attempts to compromise compliance provisions on environmental care standards that help reduce soot pollution from power plants be considered legal? RulingA legal case from a current event that has taken place within the past 2 years is that where an appeals court in Washington DC on the 11, March 2014 upheld power plants soot compliance regulations. This followed an attempt to weaken the provisions for compliance with the environmental standards that aim to reduce the pollution by soot from power plants. The governance principle of the regulatory requirement involves rules that require the power plants to use procedures that are low cost in ensuring the effective working of their technologies for pollution control. Additionally, the principles involve conducting capacity testing to confirm a firm’s compliance. The courts’ ruling provides confidence that the standards for pollution are to be met (Environmental Defence Fund, 1). Application Methods for managing legal risks arising from regulatory compliance issues include the following: first, evaluating the alternative as well as the nonregulatory responses to the r isks and selecting among them. Second, a set of risks tolerance, identifying the risks potential and manages as well as mitigate the risks within the organizations (Sparrow, 21). These methods, when carried out, will come in hand in managing the legal risk arising from regulatory compliance issues.ConclusionRegulatory compliance refers to adherence to law, regulations, specifications, and guidelines by an organization, that are relevant to the business carried out by it. As such, violation of these regulatory requirements often results in federal fines or legal punishments against the organization (Sparrow, 3).

Ticking Bomb free essay sample

Terrorism is claimed to pose such an extreme threat that the prohibition against torture cannot be maintained, we are involved in a new kind of war in which the ordinary moral constraints cannot apply Read the ticking bomb scenario â€Å"Suppose a fanatic, perfectly willing to die rather than collaborate in the thwarting of his own scheme, has set a hidden nuclear device to explode in the heart of Paris. There is no time to evacuate the innocent people or even the moveable art treasures- the only hope of preventing tragedy is to torture the perpetrator, find the device and deactivate it† However this scenario does not explain how the suspect was caught or identified or whether he has the relevant information and the only way to find where the bomb is is by interrogating the suspect. -Utilitarian justification: sacrifice one to save all the innocent people Although many ordinary people have the capacity to commit horrendous acts of torture without any training Stanley Milgram’s obedience to authority experiment What kind of training would a torturer require? -torturer must be an expert in interrogational torture -requires finesse skill and discipline: -incompetence of guards at abu Gharaib: allowing amateurs to torture prisoners the good interrogational torturer needs to be entirely in control of the process of torture, no flinching, without hesitation but cannot be sadistic or overly brutal. We will write a custom essay sample on Ticking Bomb or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They need to be able to manage psychological stress and immense strength of mind However those guards did not posses the skill to extract the information without killing the captive In the real world, most torturers are soldiers or military policeman who have been trained in elite military units   -survival skills, reconnaissance, rescue operations, jungle training, counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency training -intense, brutal exercises, techniques of psychological torture ( can result in dissociation and deep anxiety, desensitizes trainees to the infliction and the endurance of suffering, reduces soldiers empathetic reaction)-are often humiliated, filthy, terrified, and naked and this aids the torturers perception of them as sub-human -such as hooding, sleep deprivation, denial of toiler facilities aim to make torture victims feel and look less human therefore making it easier for torturers to threat them as if they were less human -dehumanizing process makes it easier but can also come to feel that the victims deserve their suffering 3). Supporters of the ticking time bomb argument 1. torturer might need the kind of training that is described if he is to be successful . training has not been fully discussed and is harsh 3. because torturers are trained to obey orders they are unlikely to question whether a order is justified, the use of torture is most often what is called a â€Å"crime of obedience†- a crime that occurs when individuals perform acts of severe violence, simply because they were ordered by an authority torturers are obeying illegal and immoral orders to torture because that is what they are trained to do, therefore torturing is seen as a professional job 4) its just the way torturers are used is problematic: torture is not accident, it’s directly connected to how they are trained -no evidence that the use of torture will ever be restricted to the ticking time bomb scenario -the interrogational torture needed for the ticking time bomb scenario cannot be achieved without a trained torturer Finally, the way torturers are trained is connected to the illegal and immoral use of torture on a vast scale -cause more suffering than it prevents -impossible to contain the use of torture and the use of torturers within the limits of the ticking bomb scenario

WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World Essay Example For Students

WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World Essay If your computer starts up in the 24 bit version of the game with fuzzylooking graphics, try re-selecting the screen mode from the F11 menu. Thisshould cure this problem. High colour GTA uses a built-in version of the univbe display driver toprovide its multitude of 15, 16 and 32-bit display modes. If your video cardis not recognised by the univbe check, or if you change your video card andthe check does not update to it, try running uvconfig.exe in the gtadosdirectory. If that doesnt work, try running 24-bit GTA by typinggta24 -nounivbe in the gtados directory. This will cause it to skip univbeand use your video cards native drivers instead. Alternatively, get hold ofthe latest version of univbe from SciTech Software, and run it as a TSR beforerunning GTA. We will write a custom essay on WAR And PEACE And How It Effected The World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Windows Drivers ( Grand Theft Auto DirectX )GTA DirectX will only work correctly if you have the latest Windows 95 DirectX Microsoft-certified driver for your video card. Your video card vendorshould be able to supply this. Some of the latest versions of drivers will allow the use ofHigh colour / Low resolution screen modes (recommended). An example of thisis the Matrox Millenium. Gravis UltrasoundThe DOS version of GTA, run under Windows 95, will not play anysound effects with an Ultrasound, UNLESS you shut down windows into MS-DOSmode, or change the PIF from DOS-Box to MS-DOS mode. DOS Version CD Sound-To allow CD audio to play on the DOS version of GTA, when run under abootable version of DOS, make sure that you have the MSCDEX driver loaded. On a Windows 95 machine, if you play the DOS version through Windows, orin a DOS box, you should get CD audio. Sidewinder Control Pad In DOS GTAThe Microsoft Sidewinder pad is not compatible with DOS GTA. However, itcan be used with Windows (DirectX) GTA. Voodoo Graphics (3Dfx) Users-GTA supports 3Dfx Glide 2.42 and higher. Voodoo Graphics users must havethis updated version of Glide installed on their system. To install theupdated Glide runtime driver kit, run the grtvgr.exe file in the 3Dfxfolder of the GTA CD. Note that we recommend 32MB of RAM to run 3DFX GTA. EMM386 (DOS)In DOS 6.22, If you have the line DEVICE=C:DOSEMM386.EXE in your CONFIG.SYS,play GTA, quit then press Ctrl-Alt-Del to reset the machine, you may findthat the keyboard does not respond any more. Book Reports

Degrees of Freedom in Statistics and Mathematics

Degrees of Freedom in Statistics and Mathematics In statistics, the degrees of freedom are used to define the number of independent quantities that can be assigned to a statistical distribution. This number typically refers to a positive whole number that indicates the lack of restrictions on a persons ability to calculate missing factors from statistical problems. Degrees of freedom act as variables in the final calculation of a statistic and are used to determine the outcome of different scenarios in a system, and in math degrees of freedom define the number of dimensions in a domain that is needed to determine the full vector. To illustrate the concept of a degree of freedom, we will look at a basic calculation concerning the sample mean, and to find the mean of a list of data, we add all of the data and divide by the total number of values. An Illustration with a Sample Mean For a moment suppose that we know the mean of a data set is 25 and that the values in this set are 20, 10, 50, and one unknown number. The formula for a sample mean gives us the equation (20 10 50 x)/4 25, where x denotes the unknown, using some basic algebra, one can then determine that the missing number,  x, is equal to 20. Lets alter this scenario slightly. Again we suppose that we know the mean of a data set is 25. However, this time the values in the data set are 20, 10, and two unknown values. These unknowns could be different, so we use two different variables, x, and y,  to denote this. The resulting equation is (20 10 x y)/4 25. With some algebra, we obtain y 70- x. The formula is written in this form to show that once we choose a value for x, the value for y is completely determined. We have one choice to make, and this shows that there is one degree of freedom. Now well look at a sample size of one hundred. If we know that the mean of this sample data is 20, but do not know the values of any of the data, then there are 99 degrees of freedom. All values must add up to a total of 20 x 100 2000. Once we have the values of 99 elements in the data set, then the last one has been determined. Student t-score and Chi-Square Distribution Degrees of freedom play an important role when using the Student t-score table. There are actually several t-score distributions. We differentiate between these distributions by use of degrees of freedom. Here the probability distribution that we use depends upon the size of our sample. If our sample size is n, then the number of degrees of freedom is n-1. For instance, a sample size of 22 would require us to use the row of the t-score table with 21 degrees of freedom. The use of a chi-square distribution also requires the use of degrees of freedom. Here, in an identical manner as with the t-score  distribution, the sample size determines which distribution to use. If the sample size is n, then there are n-1 degrees of freedom. Standard Deviation and Advanced Techniques Another place where degrees of freedom show up is in the formula for the standard deviation. This occurrence is not as overt, but we can see it if we know where to look. To find a standard deviation we are looking for the average deviation from the mean. However, after subtracting the mean from each data value and squaring the differences, we end up dividing by n-1 rather than n as we might expect. The presence of the n-1 comes from the number of degrees of freedom. Since the n data values and the sample mean are being used in the formula, there are n-1 degrees of freedom. More advanced statistical techniques use more complicated ways of counting the degrees of freedom. When calculating the test statistic for two means with independent samples of n1 and n2 elements, the number of degrees of freedom has quite a complicated formula. It can be estimated by using the smaller of n1-1 and n2-1 Another example of a different way to count the degrees of freedom comes with an F test. In conducting an F test we have k samples each of size n- the degrees of freedom in the numerator is k-1 and in the denominator is k(n-1).

Gas prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gas prices - Essay Example A vast majority of machines in different industries are powered by gas. Apart from the industrial utility of gas, it is an extremely important element of the modern age life style. In the contemporary age, there is massive consumption of gas even on the domestic level. We use gas heaters, gas ovens, gas stoves, and gas lamps. In addition to the in-house consumption of gas, a vast majority of vehicles on the roads use gas as a secondary fuelling source that works as efficiently as petrol does. The voluminous increase in the use of natural gas does not accord with its declining natural reserves. There is an inverse relationship between the two. Gas prices have risen almost all over the world in the past few years. Much of the rapid increase in the gas prices that has occurred in the recent years can be attributed to the inverse relationship between gas production and consumption rate. Current rate of gas consumption is alarming, and gas prices are likely to increase further if the curr ent consumption rates sustain over next few years. Solution: Solution of this problem lies in wise utilization of the remaining gas. It is not advisable to completely stop the use of gas stoves or gas ovens because no alternative has yet been realized that would give better or even the same results as gas stoves or ovens do.

Master dissertation proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Master dissertation proposal - Essay Example According to Henry Sweet, the real intrinsic difficulty in learning English as a foreign language lies in having to master its vocabulary. (p. 66) Indeed, the value of vocabulary for foreign learners of English is out of all proportion to its size, because, once it is mastered, it would inevitably lead to flexibility and acceptable standards in the productive use of English. Specifically, learning the English vocabulary is difficult for Arabs due to several reasons. First, there is no positive transfer between Arab and English vocabularies. There are only few English words borrowed from Arabic and that a small range of mainly English technical words such as radar, helicopter and television have found their away in Arabic vocabulary. In addition to this, wrote Swan and Smith, Arabic speakers have very few aids to reading and listening comprehension by virtue of their first language, and they should not be expected to acquire English at anything like the same pace as European learners. Here lies the significance of CALL. According to Keith Cameron, one interesting clue in vocabulary acquisition is that initially learners store vocabulary on the basis of sound, and only later on the basis of meaning. (p. 9) This is just one of the dimensions in vocabulary acquisition that CALL could address. For instance, the long period of time required to learn new words can be remarkably shortened with CALL’s capability of providing multiple exposure in varied contexts. This is particularly important because it gives the learner the opportunity to use his or her normal vocabulary learning faculties such as guessing, inducing, experimenting, checking, refining hypothesis, among others. (Cameron, p. 9) The above arguments in regard to the potential of CALL in improving vocabulary acquisition are the main subject of this research. This paper seeks to identify the positive effects as well as the disadvantages of the vocabulary learning strategies that feature CALL. The

Individuals Human Development Essay Example for Free

Individuals Human Development Essay The environments or â€Å"contexts† of life play a major role in the development of human beings throughout the lifespan. Even the most ardent genetically oriented human beings acknowledge that the environment contributes to human development. Thus Nurture is important in this respect.   However, it is not enough simply to state that environment is important in the analysis of a person’s character. This is where the importance of nature comes in.    Although developmental theories have emerged to describe the growth and maturation of the individual, a parallel trend has been to describe the changing pattern of the family life cycle as a series of developmental stages (Watson, 1913). Family developmentalists view the family, like the individual, as having certain prime functions at certain points in the life cycle. In the case of Pavlov, both his environment and his innate nature contributed to his stature as one of man’s most famous scientists. Classical conditioning refers to the formation of a single association by means of a procedure developed by Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s. Pavlov’s special field of study was the digestive secretions of the body, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904.On of the secretions being studied was salivation. To obtain a precise measure of secreted saliva under varying conditions, Pavlov inserted a small tube into the salivary glands of experimental dogs. When the dog salivated, the fluid was routed into Pavlov’s measuring cups. By this method, he could determine not only when the salivation occurs, but also how much and at what rate. For one time—indeed, even for today—it was a remarkably clear and rigorous estimate of response strength. It has become one of the most productive areas in all of psychology. This paper shall look into the environmental and internal factors that influence human behavior and attempt to explain how these two factors interact in a person’s life to bring about his present personality and character. During his studies of salivation, Pavlov noted what he called â€Å"psychic secretions.† If food is placed in the mouth of the animal, it will secrete saliva automatically – this response is innate not learned. But the dogs in Pavlov’s apparatus, soon began to salivate to other stimuli as well. For example, the sight of food, the sight of the person who fed them, and even the feeder’s footsteps in the hall, were enough to elicit salivation. These associations had to be learned. They were in effect anticipations of food in the mouth. Because the response (salivation) was not controlled by the simple reflex connections, come higher neural processes had to be involved. T was as if the mind took over the control of the reflexive act—hence, â€Å"psychic secretions—as if the thought of food was enough to produce the same response as food itself. It stressed that children are active, curious explorers who seek to adapt to their environments, rather than passive biological urges who are molded by their parents. Pavlov, as a child, was indeed a curious, precocious youngster. His father has a big influence into what he turned out to be. Meanwhile, Watson (1913) behaviorism is the conclusions about human development should be based on observations of overt behavior rather than on speculations about   unconscious motives or cognitive processes that are unobservable. Moreover, Watson also believed that well-learned associations between external stimuli and observable responses are the building blocks of human development. When Petrovich Pavlov was a child, he was involved in an accident that prevented him from going to school. Thus, it was only when he was 11 years old that he was able to go back and have a formal schooling. He went to theological seminary and eventually at 21 he decided to pursue psychology. It is said that â€Å"he was ironically diverted from becoming a second-generation clergy, by the works of Charles Darwin and Russian physiologist Ivan Sechenov, which he read while in seminary. Even his marriage was not spared the cyclic heartbreak then elation pattern that appeared to prevail in his life.† (Pavlov.). He had tragedies to deal with when he had a family of his own. Two of his six children died. Like Watson, Skinner believed that habits develop as a result of unique operant learning experiences. Pavlov’s curiosity for learning developed because he had the supervision of his mother during those years he stopped schooling.   He formed the habit of   having the passion for learning, investigating and experimenting. Meanwhile, nowhere is Bandura’s cognitive emphasis clearer than in his decision to highlight observational learning as a central developmental process. Observational learning is simply learning that results from observing the behavior of other people.   Bandura stressed observational learning in his cognitive social learning theory simply because this active, cognitive form of learning permits young children to quickly acquire thousands of new responses in a variety of settings. Indeed, the environments or â€Å"contexts† of life play a major role in the development of human beings throughout the lifespan. Even the most ardent genetically oriented human beings acknowledge that the environment contributes to human development. Thus Nurture is important in this respect.   However, it is not enough simply to state that environment is important in the analysis of a person’s character. This is where the importance of nature comes in. Born on Sept 14, 1849 in Russia, Pavlov was prepared for a life of discipline and excellence. Pavlov’s father Peter Dmitrivich was a priest while his brother Ivan was also part of the church staff.   It was his father Dmitrivich who was highly influential in carving Pavlov to be the way he turned out in his later years. His early environment under the tutelage of a highly educated and dignified father became one of the biggest factors that explain his passion for excellence in life. In practical life, the one that plays a more dominant role for example, in crime control policy, is the one that centers more on the role of the biological setup of the person and the family with whom he grows up with.   The majority of children grow up in a family context that usually includes a father and/or a mother and, in many instances, brothers and sisters. The family has been shown to have an impact on important processes, including the development of self-concept, sex roles, language, intellectual abilities and interpersonal skills (Bronfenbrenner, 1986). Explanation of the interaction of heredity and environment is not a simple matter. Hereditary factors operate from the moment of conception in determining the features of human growth and development. Our current understanding of human genetics makes it fairly clear that many human physical traits are inherited. We know that genetic factors are involved in the development of the human body from the time of conception. However, we do not fully understand the scientific mechanisms of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in controlling human growth and development. The relationship of this nature versus nurture interaction to human behavior is indeed a much-debated issue. Where do differences in personality or temperament come from? Friends or relatives are frequently quick to comment that an infant has a temper â€Å"like his father† or is easygoing â€Å"like his mother,† suggesting that such differences are inherited. Does this mean that infant temperament is generically determined? Not necessarily, since the environment plays an important role in the expression of temperament. Researchers say that temperament is best viewed as a natural bias toward a given behavioral direction (difficult, easygoing, introverted and extroverted). The expression of this bias depends on one’s environment or experience: the child with a temperamental â€Å"bias† for a high activity level may in fact be easygoing and mild-mannered in a relaxed family environment. The bias for high activity levels may in fact be easygoing and mild mannered in a relaxed family environment. The bias for high activity levels may appear only in a stressful or competitive situation (Wiggam, 1923). Temperament and personality depend for their expression on the joint contributions of heredity, environment (parenting strategies) and individual behavior (through the active selection of environments, particularly as the child grows older). Children need to be exposed in an environment where they must have opportunities to feel free to be choice-makers, to know that they can have justice for themselves. A school ought to encourage children to feel appreciative of their own individuality. They need to feel playful and to see life as fun, and to have their teachers and parents join in on this approach to fun living. And mostly, they need to feel creatively alive, to have a burning sense of desire and appreciation for everything in life. To eschew boredom and dullness, and to glow in the excitement of each and everyday. This is not some farfetched ideal. Pavlov thought that the cortex was the only site of new neural connections in learning. His evidence was that members of his laboratory were not able to condition dogs from whom the cortex had been surgically removed. But later, in Pavlov’s laboratory, and elsewhere, investigators found that they could obtain conditioning in mammals even after all the cerebral cortex had been removed. For example, a dog with its cortex removed can learn to lift its paw whenever a light flash occurs to avoid shock. Such conditioning occurs slowly   and irregularly. However, because such animals tend to be distractible and irritable and they do not have keen sensory discrimination. But the evidence is clearly antagonistic to Pavlov’s   claim that cortex is necessary.

Dissolution of the theory of Spontaneous Generation :: essays research papers

Spontaneous generation is the belief that some life forms are created from non-living things. It was an accepted theory to explain the creation of living things since the times of the ancient Romans to the early nineteenth century, when people began to become more skeptical of this idea. By the 20th century, spontaneous generation was known to be an incorrect theory. The reason it was known to be incorrect, primarily, was because of four scientists: Francesco Redi, John Needham, Lazzaro Spallanzani, and Louis Pasteur. Francesco Redi, in 1668, started the chain of experiments that would all add up to dissolve the theory of spontaneous generation. Redi was able to do this by doing a famous experiment involving meat and flies. He covered a jar of meat so no flies could enter it and, after a few days, there were no flies. This experiment showed that flies were not created from meat. This, in turn, showed to other scientists that â€Å"larger† organisms were not created spontaneously. Redi’s experiment was monumental because it was the first time spontaneous generation had been disproved by concrete evidence. Along with that, the experiment’s result was a step for other scientists to build on in the future. Without Redi’s findings, the process of proving spontaneous generation was a false theory could have been delayed drastically. The next two scientists to make significant impacts on the theory of spontaneous generation were John Needham and Lazzaro Spallanzani. John Needham was a Scottish clergyman who, from 1745 to 1748, attempted to show that there was a life force in the molecules of all inorganic matter that caused spontaneous generation to occur. He went about doing by doing experiments which showed bacteria would form in soups. Seventeen years later, Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani tried to disprove Needham’s belief. Spallanzani went about this by doing three experiments. The first experiment was done by boiling soup for an hour, putting it in a flask, and then sealing off the flask. The second experiment involved boiling soup for a few minutes, putting it in a flask, and sealing it of. The third experiment was done by boiling soup for an hour, putting it in a flask, and sealing the flask with a cork that let air in. Out of the three experiments, the first experiment was the only one which led to no bacteria forming. From these experiments, Spallanzani figured that an hour of boiling could kill the bacteria and bacteria came to substances through the air.

The Influence of Using Sequentra®

SAN BEDA COLLEGE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MENDIOLA, MANILA RESEARCH Methodology The Influence of Using Sequentra ® on the Johnson Controls Inc. – Global WorkPlace Knowledge Centre’s (JCI-GWK) Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services and to the Clients SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Milagros Malaya SUBMITTED BY: Mark Anthony M. Villasis DATE February 05, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Background of the Study2 II. Statement of the Problem3 III. Objectives of the Study:   General and Specific4 IV. Significance of the Study 4 V. Review of Related Literature5 VI. Integration of Literature Findings8 VII. Assumptions of the Study8 VIII. Operational Definition of Terms9 IX. Conceptual & Operational Framework12 X. Scope and Limitations13 XI. Hypotheses13 XII. Bibliography14 XIII. Appendices15 I. Background of the Study The business process outsourcing (BPO) invests heavily with technology and infrastructure. The Philippines to date is at par with the world’s best in technology. Due to their substantial investment in systems, networks, security, and software, most global BPO providers look for highly transactional, technology-intensive work such as portfolio database management, payroll, and records management to achieve the highest profit. With the global marketplace becoming increasingly competitive and the insatiable appetite for business information, the volume of data that must be managed and assimilated is growing at an exponential rate. Global corporations require standard processes, consistent data to enable global consolidation and the ability to transform raw data into business intelligence to support better decision making. In many cases, regions, countries and even cities have different finance systems, computerized maintenance management systems, purchase order processing and call centre platforms with inconsistent data capture and coding. Just to add to the complexity the data can be in different languages. To keep track of the data collected from business operations most companies use multiple systems. Retrieving and consolidating this information in a timely manner (e. g. month end reporting) can be a costly and resource intensive task. Information management centres have been forced to provide more services whilst reducing resource costs to remain competitive. In response to these business challenges, GWK is currently using Sequentra ®, a web-based software that allows capturing the following key areas of information in one comprehensive web-based application. Lease Administration |Transaction Management | |Rent & operating expense tracking |Project milestone tracking | |Full client chart of accounts for AP integration |Project budget tracking | |Critical lease dates & options |Performance measurement | |Key property contacts |Electronic customer satisfaction surveys | |Space allocations – internal charg e backs |Document management | |Space type allocations | | |Document management capability | | II. Statement of the Problem This study will be conducted to explain the influence of Sequentra ® to the Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services of JCI-JWK and to the customers. This study was intended to answer the following questions: ) What features does Sequentra ® offer to the Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services of JCI-JWK? 2) What benefits does Sequentra ® put forward to the customers? 3) Who are the existing clients of JCI-JWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services that benefited from Sequentra ®? III. Objectives of the Study: Main Objective: To examine the effect of using Sequentra ® based on operational advantage on JCI-GWK’s Transaction Managers and Lease Administrators, and satisfaction to the customers. Specific Objectives: 1) To find out the features of Sequentra ® that contributes an operation al advantage to the Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services of JCI-JWK? ) To discover the benefits that Sequentra ® offers to the customers’ businesses? 3) To determine whether the clients of JCI-JWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services are satisfied. IV. Significance of the Study With the global marketplace becoming increasingly competitive and the insatiable appetite for business information, the volume of data that must be managed and assimilated is growing at an exponential rate. Global corporations take advantage of the current technologies, and infrastructures, require standard processes, consistent data to enable global consolidation and the ability to transform raw data into business intelligence to support better decision making. This study intends to investigate the influence of using Sequentra ® on the JCI-GWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services and to its clients. Determining the features and benefits that Sequentra ® offers and find out if the clients, in turn, is satisfied. This study will also give confidence to the Information Technology (IT) practitioners to focus their initiatives on developing toolsets that provide operational advantages. V. Review of Related Literature On Web Based Applications According to an article on http://www. articlesbase. com entitled â€Å"Benefits of Web Based Applications†, some of the core benefits of Web Based Application are the following: 1) Compatibility. Web based applications are far more compatible across platforms than traditional installed software. 2) Efficiency. The benefit of web based solution is that they not only modernizes established business practices, but also makes services and information available from any web-facilitated personal computer. 3) Highly deployable. Deploying web applications to the end users are very easy. It simply needs to send the user a website address to log into and provide them with internet access facility. 4) Security of live data. Web based applications provide an additional security by removing the need for the user to have access to the data and back end servers. 5) Cost Effective. Web based applications can considerably lower the costs because of reduced support and maintenance, lower requirements on the end user system and simplified plans. On Operational Advantage An eHow contributor wrote an article on how can the information technology (IT) change a business. According to the article, IT has brought about a revolution at the workplace since the 90s. The recent development and fast-paced adoption of Internet communication and Web-based technologies and applications has enhanced the potential of IT. IT and computer systems deployed strategically can impact the operational aspects and productivity parameters of a business. IT and attendant technologies and tools can be used to automate key business operations, functions and activities of a business. Businesses can invest in desktop computers, workstations, laptops, minicomputers, notebook computers and high-end servers for a host of organizational tasks and functions. Market-available software, computing applications, networking and other IT productivity tools installed in computers and computer systems can help professionals, workers and staff in a business to streamline work processes and execute tasks and functions faster in order to achieve organizational-defined goals and targets. Johnson Controls has developed Sequentra ® to enhance real estate management, lease administration, project management and reporting for improved productivity and decision making. This application was developed by real estate professionals who possess a unique knowledge of other applications offered in the marketplace, and a keen appreciation of the switching costs to move to web-based applications. As a result, Sequentra ® was designed to dynamically integrate with existing legacy systems and provide web-based access to certain data managed in the legacy system. This allows corporations to gain the benefits of web access without the cost and time to replace systems, retrain staff and modify processes. In addition, Sequentra ® adds new functionality and reporting capability not otherwise present in other legacy systems. (Sequentra ® Technology for the Real Estate Industry). [pic] Figure 1. Integrated Components of Sequentra ® On Customer Satisfaction About the virtual environment, the research that has addressed the influence of perceived quality on satisfaction is limited. Rolland (2003) studied the relationship between the perceived quality of a website and satisfaction with the site. The results shows that the perceived quality of the website influence positively satisfaction. This relationship has been demonstrated by Wolfinbarger and Gilly (2003) they shown that the overall quality of service, predicts strongly satisfaction of users. The same result was also confirmed by Bressolles (2004) who studied this link in a shopping experience at two sites: a site for digital products and a travel site. The results show a strong and positive relationship between the two concepts. It follows that service quality influence positively satisfaction after a purchase from a merchant site. VI. Integration of Literature Findings Through the literature review, the researcher has shown the benefits of the web-based applications, the operational advantage of adopting the information technology (e. g. adoption of Internet communication and Web-based technologies and applications), and the influence of perceived quality of a website on satisfaction. It is therefore reasonable to consider the influences of the web-based application on the operational advantage of a service and the satisfaction of the customers. Meanwhile, technology adoption generates less human contact which might result in waste of time and effort and concern about privacy and confidentiality from the customer point of view (Bitner 2001). Meyronin (2004) has indicated that electronic intermediation tends to impoverish service relations, and human interactions might create value through advanced services, so that a balance between competitive advantage and productivity gains is necessary. VII. Assumptions of the Study The assumptions of the study are as follows: 1. The researcher will identify the Sequentra ® features that have been suggested as being important for Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services. 2. The researcher will also pinpoint the Sequentra ® benefits that are known to offer business advantages to the clients. 3. The existing clients of JCI-JWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services that have benefited from Sequentra ® are ranging from regional organizations to large multi-national corporations. VIII. Operational Definition of Terms Business process outsourcing (BPO) is a subset of outsourcing that involves the contracting of the operations and responsibilities of specific business functions (or processes) to a third-party service provider. Typically categorized into back office outsourcing – which includes internal business functions such as human resources or finance and accounting, and front office outsourcing – which includes customer-related services such as contact center services. BPO that is contracted outside a company's country is called offshore outsourcing. BPO that is contracted to a company's neighboring (or nearby) country is called nearshore outsourcing. (Wikipedia) Given the proximity of BPO to the information technology industry, it is also categorized as an information technology enabled service or ITES. Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) and legal process outsourcing (LPO) are some of the sub-segments of business process outsourcing industry. Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that â€Å"the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology. † (Wikipedia) IT is the area of managing technology and spans wide variety of areas that include but are not limited to things such as processes, computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages, and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the domain space known as Information Technology (IT). (Wikipedia) Lease Administration Services. Lease Administration is the process of maintaining and utilizing pertinent information contained within the lease by either the landlord or tenant. It includes the performing of all activities that ensure lease compliance–consisting of both monetary and non monetary obligations. It includes calculating rent increases and the other party confirming calculations already made. It includes the process by which the tenant notifies the landlord of its intent to exercise an option to renew or its intent to vacate. It also includes the process by which landlords determine additional monetary charges a tenant may be liable for. It includes determining each party's insurance requirements under the lease. In short, it includes the entire process of determining obligations under the lease and ensuring such obligations are met by the other party. Lease administration by the tenant would include providing information (critical dates, rights and responsibilities) to its managers including facilities, operations, finance, and risk. These titles (responsibilities ultimately) may be filled by the same individual, or not. If not, they may be â€Å"outsourced† which contributes further at times to the confusion and the possibility of oversights in ensuring lease obligations are being met. Sequentra ® is an integrated, collaborative, web-based real estate software solution and serves as a central repository for all portfolio and project-related information. Sequentra was developed by Johnson Controls to provide clients with enhanced communications and accountability for all facets of real estate and project-related requirements. This real estate software also contains a lease administration module that, when combined with the project tracking feature, can fully integrate a client’s entire real estate database and reporting system. Transaction Management. Transaction management is the efficient management of real estate related dealings. Organizing information and tasks in a sequential order and makes the process easy to track by all parties involved with the transactions. Sending notifications to the transaction team members informing them that they have an active task. Ensuring that transactions are completed on schedule and that the transaction team works more efficiently thus reducing the cycle times. IX. Conceptual & Operational Framework Firstly, this study aims to explore the influence of using Sequentra ® based on operational advantage on the JCI-GWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services. Determine the features and benefits that Sequentra offers and find out if the clients, in turn, is satisfied. The researcher will start with three questions: First, is there an operational advantage that the Transaction Managers and Lease Administrators experienced in using Sequentra ®? Second, what benefits does Sequentra ® put forward to the clients? Third, who are the existing customers of the JCI-JWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services that have benefited from Sequentra ®. An in-depth interview method will be designed. Then, a questionnaire survey follows to validate how Sequentra ® influences the JCI-GWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services, and the client satisfaction. Figure 2. Conceptual Framework X. Scope and Limitations This study will be conducted mainly to explore the influence of using Sequentra ® on the JCI-GWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services and to the clients. The focus will be on the operational advantage of the services and the client’s satisfaction based on the benefits that Sequentra ® offers to their businesses. Data will be gathered through descriptive method. This will serve as the primary source of data collection. Secondary data will include related literature about the subject of the research. XI. Hypotheses The researcher proposes a direct relationship between using Sequentra ® and the operational advantage to the Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services of JCI-JWK and client satisfaction. H1. Using Sequentra ® which increases operation efficiency of service is positively related with client satisfaction. H2. Using Sequentra ® which increases operation efficiency of service is negatively related with client satisfaction when the services fail. XII. Bibliography Online Articles Sequentra ® Technology for the Real Estate Industry http://www. sequentra. com/solutions/sequentra. html Sequentra ® User Help Section http://www. sequentra. net/sequentra/help/user_help/new_help/! SSL! /FlashHelp/Sequentra_User_Help_Section. htm Business Process Outsourcing http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing Information Technology http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Information_technology Biswajit Nag, Business Process Outsourcing: Impact and Implications, Bulletin on Asia-Pacific Perspectives 2004/05. Retrieved September 12, 2009 from ebsco. com Journals Bitner MJ (2001), Service and Technology: Opportunities and Paradoxes. Manage Service Quality 11(6):375–379 Bressolles G. (2004), The quality of electronic service, NETQUAL: scale, consequences and moderating variables, Ph. D. in Management Sciences, University of Toulouse I. Meyronin B (2004), ICT: the creation of value and differentiation in services. Manage Service Quality 14(2/3):216–225 Rolland S. (2003), The impact of Internet use on perceived quality and consumer satisfaction, PhD in Management Sciences, University Paris Dauphine. Wolfinbarger M. and Gilly M. C. (2003), E-TailQ: dimensionalizing, measuring and predicting retail quality, Journal of Retailing, 79, 183-198. XIII. Appendices Appendix 1. Sequentra Components SEQUENTRA COMPONENTS | |Project Module |Team assignment and milestone tracking (e-mail ticklers) | |   |Location deal point analysis | |   |Budget tracking | |   |Space programming | |   |Contacts database | | |Single repository for documents | | |Savings calculations | |Property Module |Rent stream and ex penses | | |Internal allocations | | |Lease clauses | | |Critical dates & options (e-mail ticklers) | | Contacts database | |Reporting |Standard reports library | | |Ad hoc reporting capability | | |Produces rich, highly formatted reports into Adobe Acrobat, Excel and HTML | |System Admin |Assigns flexible, secure access rights to end users | | |Capability to customize fields, e-mail notifications and project templates | | |Manage document templates library | Appendix 2. Specific Features and Benefits of Sequentra ® FEATURES |BENEFITS | |Project/Property Specific Bulletin |Cycle time for projects is greatly reduced as team members can communicate and collaborate on | |Board |projects anytime, anywhere. | |Web-based application |Does not require any software to be installed on a user’s local machine. The only requirement| | |is Internet access. | |Central repository for all project |  Lets users who are dispersed collaborate on files associated with each assignment. Users | |related files and document templates |always know where to go for the most recent version of a file. | |Flexible, secure access |Defined security levels ensure that users have access to applicable projects/properties. | |Process Automation, Milestone email |Communication is enhanced, as team members can be automatically e-mailed when an important | |Notifications |assignment milestone has been reached or falls behind schedule. | |Customizable |Can be customized to mirror your organization. | Appendix 3. Sequentra ®, an exclusive Real Estate Management tool with multiple advantages Because Sequentra ® was developed by real estate and e-business experts and is supported by Johnson Controls, a global real estate services and facilities management company, clients can count on a tool designed to help maximize the performance of their real estate assets. †¢ Seamless integration between property and project modules to save time and eliminate errors. †¢ Real-time collaboration and information sharing to reduce cycle time. †¢ 24/7 access to data from web-based browsers. †¢ Automated workflow ensures schedules are maintained and results are measurable. †¢ Project team members have access to project files and templates. †¢ Flexible access rights for file and project security. Embedded proactive email notifications enhance communication regarding project milestones. †¢ Fully customizable and scalable to fit the needs of any organization. †¢ Generate self-definable reports with a user-friendly interface. Johnson Controls operates in more than 50 countries, with thousands of dedicated real estate services and facilities management employees, and a billion square feet under management. Customers benefit from a worldwide knowledge network focused on delivering strategically-based services and solutions designed to contribute to enterprise goals. Appendix 4. List of Existing Clients Below is a partial list of GWK clients that have benefited from Sequentra ® Solutions. Agilent Technologies |Manpower | |Cadbury |Otis | |Carrier Corporation |Pratt & Whitney | |Hamilton Sundstrand |Ryder | |Henry Schein |Sikorsky | |Motorola |Sonoco | | |United Technologies Realty | | |WPP | ———————– Sequentra ® Features and Benefits Operational advantage on the JCI-GWK’s Transaction Management and Lease Administration Services Client Satisfaction

Essay on Peer Marriage - 638 Words

Peer Marriage Throughout the past generations, including my parents the family was defined as a traditional (patriarchal) relationship, where the male was the breadwinner and the female was the caretaker of the home and family. My generation has seen the materialization of what Pepper Schwartz describes a peer marriage. Peer marriage is different from the traditional marriage in four key ways: men and women regard each other as full social equals, they both have careers, the partners share equal rights in decision making regarding finances, and compared to the past traditional relationship the male plays a greater role in the responsibility of raising the children (299). Pepper Schwartzs research is trying to show the†¦show more content†¦Looking at this aspect from a males perspective other researchers have found that the perception of a shared marriage is correlated to a larger marital satisfaction. To summarize Schwarts research in 4 main points: 1) she believes that shared parenting and increased spousal satisfaction are the most effective routes to family stability 2) the newfound feelings about equity and emotional closeness are essential to modern marital durability 3) peer relationships will be good for women, children, and families, as well as men 4) peer marriage is a practical plan to lower the divorce rate (304). According to the article Peer Marriage, an egalitarian relationship is defined as ...a marriage founded on the principle of equality and supported by shared roles and a greater chance of shared sensibilities is an adaptation in the direction of greater family stability rather than instability(300). The definiti on is further clarified when Schwartz mentions that even though a man and a woman may have separate careers, this doesnt solidify that they will have a peer marriage. 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